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Breton lai
A Breton lai, also known as a narrative lay or simply a lay, is a form of medieval French and English romance literature. Lais are short (typically 600–1000 lines), rhymed tales of love and chivalry, often involving supernatural and fairy-world Celtic motifs. The word "lay" or “lai” is thought to be derived from the Old High German and/or Old Middle German ''leich'', which means play, melody, or song,〔“lay, n.4.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford UP. 21 April 2010.〕 or as suggested by Jack Zipes in ''The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales'', the Irish word ''laid'' (song).[Zipes, 62〕]
Zipes writes that Arthurian legends may have been brought from Wales, Cornwall and Ireland to Brittany; on the continent the songs were performed in various places by harpists, minstrels, storytellers.〔Zipes, Jack, ''The Oxford Companion to Fairytales''. Oxford UP. 2009 62-63〕 Zipes reports the earliest recorded lay is Robert Biker's Lai du Cor, dating to the mid- to late-12th century.〔
The earliest of the Breton lais to survive is probably The Lais of Marie de France, thought to have been composed in the 1170s by Marie de France, a French poet writing in England at Henry II's court between the late 12th and early 13th centuries.〔 From descriptions in Marie's lais, and in several anonymous Old French lais of the 13th century, we know of earlier lais of Celtic origin, perhaps more lyrical in style, sung by Breton minstrels. It is believed that these Breton lyrical lais, none of which has survived, were introduced by a summary narrative setting the scene for a song, and that these summaries became the basis for the narrative lais.
The earliest written Breton lais were composed in a variety of Old French dialects, and some half dozen lais are known to have been composed in Middle English in the 13th and 14th centuries by various English authors.〔Claire Vial, "The Middle English Breton Lays and the Mists of Origin", in ''Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England'', eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 175-91.〕
Breton lais may have inspired Chrétien de Troyes, and likely were responsible for spreading Celtic and fairy-lore into Continental Europe. An example of a 14th-century Bretan lai has the king of the fairies carrying away a wife to the land of fairy.〔
==Old French Lais==
* The Lays of Marie de France — twelve canonical lais generally accepted as those of Marie de France.
* The so-called — eleven lais of disputed authorship. While these lais are occasionally interspersed with the Marian lais in Medieval manuscripts, scholars do not agree that these lais were actually written by Marie.
* Several lais are known only in Old Norse translation, translated into Old Norwegian prose in the thirteenth century, where they were known as the ''Strengleikar''. These are ''Guruns ljóð'', ''Ricar hinn gamli'', ''Tveggia elskanda strengleikr'', and ''Strandarljóð'' ('The Lay of the Beach'), which gives a detailed description of William the Conqueror's commissioning of what appears to be a lyric lai to commemorate a period spent at Barfleur.〔''Strengleikar: An Old Norse Translation of Twenty-one Old French Lais'', ed. and trans. by Robert Cook and Mattias Tveitane, Norrøne tekster, 3 (Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-institutt, 1979).〕
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